The Foundation of Institutionalization Traditional economic theory defines entrepreneurs as individuals who take risks, bring together the factors of production, and generate economic activity. However, entrepreneurship is not only about economic output. It is also about transferring values, business practices, and institutional culture to future generations. At the center of this transformation lies institutionalization — […]

Transformation in Tax Audits In Türkiye, tax audits have undergone perhaps one of the most fundamental structural breaks in the history of the Republic over the past two years. The era of traditional audits, conducted by manually reviewing accounting books page by page, has rapidly come to an end. Today, each e-invoice, each line in […]

SMEs as the Backbone of the Economy and the Structural Constraints of Access to Finance SMEs form the backbone of Türkiye’s economy, accounting for over 99% of all enterprises and playing a critical role in employment, exports, and production. (Source: OECD – Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2026) Despite this strong foundation, a structural constraint continues […]

In today’s rapidly changing global economic environment, sustainable growth for businesses is not determined solely by profitability. The main determining factor is whether the profit generated can be transformed into a sustainable and manageable cash flow. In practice, many businesses, despite appearing profitable from an accounting perspective, experience difficulties in managing their operational processes due […]

Economic Role and Performance In Türkiye, enterprises employing fewer than 250 employees and with either annual net sales revenue or total assets not exceeding TRY 500 million are defined as Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). There are approximately 4 million SMEs falling under this definition. As of 2024, SMEs account for 99.6% of all enterprises, […]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are among the most dynamic yet equally fragile building blocks of the economic system. Compared to large-scale companies, these enterprises, which operate with more limited financial and operational resources, are simultaneously exposed to multi-dimensional risks such as lack of institutionalization, the “key man risk” concentrated in decision-making processes, capital insufficiency, […]